Image Library

In this section:

Atherothrombosis

Thrombus in right atrial appendage

AF can lead to thrombosis in the upper chambers of the heart. Although most thrombi form in the LAA, some are...

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Thrombus in left atrium

Extremely large thrombus protruding into the left atrium

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ECG showing STEMI

Key findings: ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads (II, III, aVF) and V6, consistent with transmural ischaemia

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Coronary bypass thrombosis pathology

Occlusion by acute thrombosis

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Dilated left atrium; mitral stenosis

Dilated left atrium with mitral stenosis and calcified plaques on the atrial wall (circle), possibly caused by...

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Embolus in carotid artery to brain

An embolus originating from a left atrial thrombus formed in atrial fibrillation travels along the carotid artery to...

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Left atrial thromboembolism in...

A thrombus formed in the left atrium in atrial fibrillation embolises and subsequently travels through the left...

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Coronary atherosclerosis, thrombosis

Coronary artery with thin muscular media and prominent intimal hyperplasia with..

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ACS: obstruction of a coronary artery by a...

In acute coronary syndrome, a coronary artery plaque erodes or ruptures, leading to the formation of a blood...

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ECG showing atrial fibrillation

Key findings: absence of P waves, irregularly irregular R-R intervals, and irregular fluctuations in the baseline...

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Coronary thrombosis, image 2 of 4

Passage of a guide wire through the area of acute obstruction

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Coronary thrombosis

Cardiac ventricle from patient who suffered an acute fatal myocardial infarction. Cross-sectional...

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Coronary thrombosis, image 1 of 4

Obstruction caused by acute atherothrombosis within the right coronary artery, as seen with radio-opaque dye...

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Coronary thrombosis, image 3 of 4

Inflation of an angioplasty balloon

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Coronary thrombosis, image 4 of 4

Patient right coronary lumen and restoration of normal coronary blood flow

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ECG showing NSTEMI

Key findings: marked ST-segment depression in the lateral precordial leads (V5, V6) consistent with...

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White thrombi

Platelets are the main cellular components of white thrombi, which tend to form in the arterial system. In...

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ECG STEMI and NSTEMI illustration

Illustration of normal ECG and ECGs showing STEMI and NSTEMI

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Coagulation Cascade

Anticoagulants - coagulation cascade

Vitamin K antagonists lower levels of factors II, VII, IX and X. The heparins and fondaparinux work...

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Cascade overview

An overview of the coagulation cascade, showing the initiation, propagation, and clot formation phases

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Clotting formation - coagulation cascade

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin monomers which polymerize to form fibrin strands, Factor XIII...

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Fibrinolysis

Plasminogen activators from injured endothelium convert plasminogen to plasmin which in turn breaks up the...

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Initiation - coagulation cascade

Clotting is initiated by the activation of Factor VII by membrane-bound tissue factor. This leads to...

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Natural inhibitors

The natural inhibitors of coagulation include tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), activated protein C...

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Propagation - coagulation cascade

Activated Factor X, functioning as part of the prothrombinase complex on the surface of activated...

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Haemostasis

Haemostasis schematic

The process of coagulation depends on a complex interplay of enzymatic and cellular activity, culminating...

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Red thrombi

Red blood cells predominate in red thrombi, which form in veins. In contrast, platelets are the main cellular...

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Major veins of the lower limb

Major veins of the lower limb. The most common type of VTE is DVT, which occurs most frequently in veins deep...

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Activated platelets/thrombocytes

This electron microscopic image shows activated platelets. Platelets can be activated by a number of...

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Role of venous valves

Blood flow in the major veins of the lower extremity depends, in part, on the pumping action produced...

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Major veins

A thrombus can block the flow of blood through a vein or artery and can detach from the vessel wall to...

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The heart

The right side of the heart delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs; the left side pumps oxygenated blood to...

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Thrombin formation

A burst of thrombin formation (represented by blue spheres) triggered by activated Factor X is a...

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Virchow’s triad

Virchow’s triad – the pathologist Rudolf Virchow was the first to describe the three main factors that...

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Pulmonary Embolism

ESC high-risk PE

European Society of Cardiology algorithm for patients with suspected high-risk PE

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Pulmonary embolus

Pulmonary embolus. Whole lung in which pulmonary arteries are obstructed by fresh (red) thrombus (circles)

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Fatal pulmonary embolism

This post-mortem exam shows a fresh pulmonary embolus in a major pulmonary artery. The...

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Embolus formation

Fragments of thrombi can break free to form potentially life-threatening pulmonary emboli

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Pulmonary embolus with haemorrhage

Section of pulmonary parenchyma with middle right (round) blood vessel containing embolus. The...

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Lungs pulmonary embolism

The pathway of a pulmonary embolus from the lower part of the body: inferior vena cava, to right atrium, to...

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Venous Thrombosis

Swelling associated with cutaneous cyanosis and...

Swelling associated with cutaneous cyanosis and indicating an acute deep vein thrombosis affecting the...

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Acute proximal deep vein thrombosis affecting the...

Acute proximal deep vein thrombosis affecting the right leg

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Left popliteal vein thrombosis colour...

Left popliteal vein thrombosis colour coded duplex sonography

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Partial venous occlusion

Thrombi partially obstruct venous return, which can lead to symptoms such as venous distension and...

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Phlegmasia cerulea dolens - advanced...

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens - advanced malignant disease

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Popliteal vein

Cross-sectional view of the popliteal vein by compression ultrasonography showing partial obstruction...

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Visible subcutaneous collateral veins affecting...

Visible subcutaneous collateral veins indicating an acute deep vein thrombosis affecting the left leg

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Acute proximal deep vein thrombosis affecting the...

Acute proximal deep vein thrombosis affecting the left leg

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Documentation of an acute thrombosis of the...

(left: without compression, right: with compression). The compression is performed so strong that even the...

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Documentation of an acute thrombosis of the...

The compression is performed so strong that even the popliteal artery is narrowed (arrow)

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Deep vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis. Vein with thrombus in lumen

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Exclusion of an acute thrombosis of the left...

Exclusion of an acute thrombosis of the left superficial femoral vein using compression sonography

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Extended proximal deep vein thrombosis...

Extended proximal deep vein thrombosis involving the inferior caval vein

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Exclusion of an acute thrombosis of the left...

Exclusion of an acute thrombosis of the left superficial femoral vein (SFV) using compression...

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Common femoral vein clot

Thrombus (dark area) occluding more than half the diameter of the common femoral artery (as seen in...

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Acute thrombosis - colour coded duplex sonography

The occluded popliteal vein is enlarged to a diameter of 11.6 mm

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Common femoral vein

Cross-sectional view of the common femoral vein showing a significant degree of thrombotic occlusion of...

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Venogram showing deep venous thrombosis

This venogram shows a serpentine thrombus in the superficial femoral vein above the knee

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Venogram showing thrombosis in the...

Untreated, spontaneous lysis of such a thrombosis would be unlikely. Complications include pulmonary...

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Venous thrombus formation

Venous thrombi tend to form in the cusps of veins

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Chronic venous insufficiency with...

The advanced state of venous insufficiency is characterized by trophic changes (shiny smooth skin)...

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Chronic venous insufficiency

In more advanced venous insufficiency, there is stasis dermatitis with hyperpigmentation and...

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Posterior tibial vein

This longitudinal view reveals that more than half of the venous lumen is occluded by thrombus (black area)...

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Early chronic venous insufficiency

Early disease with dilated lateral malleolar veins and ‘corona phlebectatica’, a myriad of tiny superficial...

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Skin changes in bilateral chronic venous disease

Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by trophic changes in the skin (smooth and shiny skin)...

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Acute thrombosis of the left superficial femoral...

Acute thrombosis of the left superficial femoral vein using colour coded duplex sonography. The diameter...

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Acute thrombosis documentation &...

(left: without compression, right: with compression)

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Documentation of an acute thrombosis of the...

Superficial femoral vein (SFV) using compression sonography

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Thrombosis Adviser

See Also

Peripheral Artery Disease: causes and consequences

Coronary Artery Disease: causes and consequences

Image Library

In this section:

Atherothrombosis

Thrombus in right atrial appendage

Thrombus in left atrium

ECG showing STEMI

Coronary bypass thrombosis pathology

Dilated left atrium; mitral stenosis

Embolus in carotid artery to brain

Left atrial thromboembolism in...

Coronary atherosclerosis, thrombosis

ACS: obstruction of a coronary artery by a...

ECG showing atrial fibrillation

Coronary thrombosis, image 2 of 4

Coronary thrombosis

Coronary thrombosis, image 1 of 4

Coronary thrombosis, image 3 of 4

Coronary thrombosis, image 4 of 4

ECG showing NSTEMI

White thrombi

ECG STEMI and NSTEMI illustration

Coagulation Cascade

Anticoagulants - coagulation cascade

Cascade overview

Clotting formation - coagulation cascade

Fibrinolysis

Initiation - coagulation cascade

Natural inhibitors

Propagation - coagulation cascade

Haemostasis

Haemostasis schematic

Red thrombi

Major veins of the lower limb

Activated platelets/thrombocytes

Role of venous valves

Major veins

The heart

Thrombin formation

Virchow’s triad

Pulmonary Embolism

ESC high-risk PE

Pulmonary embolus

Fatal pulmonary embolism

Embolus formation

Pulmonary embolus with haemorrhage

Lungs pulmonary embolism

Venous Thrombosis

Swelling associated with cutaneous cyanosis and...

Acute proximal deep vein thrombosis affecting the...

Left popliteal vein thrombosis colour...

Partial venous occlusion

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens - advanced...

Popliteal vein

Visible subcutaneous collateral veins affecting...

Acute proximal deep vein thrombosis affecting the...

Documentation of an acute thrombosis of the...

Documentation of an acute thrombosis of the...

Deep vein thrombosis

Exclusion of an acute thrombosis of the left...

Extended proximal deep vein thrombosis...

Exclusion of an acute thrombosis of the left...

Common femoral vein clot

Acute thrombosis - colour coded duplex sonography

Common femoral vein

Venogram showing deep venous thrombosis

Venogram showing thrombosis in the...

Venous thrombus formation

Chronic venous insufficiency with...

Chronic venous insufficiency

Posterior tibial vein

Early chronic venous insufficiency

Skin changes in bilateral chronic venous disease

Acute thrombosis of the left superficial femoral...

Acute thrombosis documentation &...

Documentation of an acute thrombosis of the...